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About Mouth Cancer Treatment in Turkey

For mouth cancer treatment in Turkey, different types of doctors often work together to create a patient’s overall procedure plan that usually includes different types of treatments. Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer or cancer of the oral cavity, is usually used to describe several cancers that start in the mouth region. Mouth cancer most commonly occurs on the lips, tongue, and floor of the mouth but can also start in the cheeks, gums, roof of the mouth, tonsils, and salivary glands. Mouth cancers are usually classified as head and neck cancers.

Most mouth cancers begin in the cells that line the mouth (the mucosa; called squamous cell carcinomas, the same as the common types of skin cancer). Mouth cancers can also begin to grow in minor salivary glands, bones, blood vessels, nerves, and other structures. These types of cancers are rare and only make up less than 5% of mouth cancers. Cancer occurs when cells become unusual, grow uncontrollably and have the potential to expand to other parts of the body. These cells accumulate to form a mass (or lump).

Mouth cancer is the result of cells in the mouth growing abnormally and out of control. It is sometimes defined as oral cancer. Around one in 75 men and one in 150 women in the world are diagnosed with mouth cancer at some point in their life. The earlier mouth cancer is diagnosed, the more effective treatment is likely. So it is significant to recognize any symptoms and get them checked out by a dentist or doctor as soon as you can. At Healthy Türkiye, your treatment for mouth cancer is personalized. Your cancer care team will communicate closely and work together to customize your care, including the most advanced therapies with the least impact on your body.

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Mouth Cancer Treatment Process in Turkey

Mouth cancer treatment in Turkey is also known as oral cancer treatment. Mouth cancer occurs when the genetic material of cells in the mouth becomes damaged or changed, producing mutations that influence normal cell growth and division. The unusual cells then replicate, causing cancer. If undetected, cancer can expand beyond the mouth and move to other parts of the body. The precise causes of mouth cancer are unknown. However, it is thought that risk factors include smoking, drinking alcohol, or infection with the human papillomavirus. Mouth cancer is a rare type of cancer, accounting for one in 50 of all cancer cases. Mouth cancer type is more common in men than in women.

Mouth cancer is curable, but small cancer cells are more easily treatable. It is significant that the condition is diagnosed and treated early, usually by radiotherapy or surgery. Mouth reconstruction might also be needed if the cancer is extensive. If severe, mouth cancer can spread and prove fatal. At Healthy Türkiye, we provide the support that caters to both the physical and emotional needs of the patient, before, during, and after mouth cancer treatment. We ensure a wide range of services for patients, as well as their loved ones, designed to make a very difficult time as easy as possible and to give our patients the best treatment and support possible.

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Mouth Cancer Treatment Procedure in Turkey

Oral cancer treatment is among the cancer procedures successfully treated in Turkey. Mouth cancer starts in the cells of the mouth. A cancerous (malignant) tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into and damage nearby tissue. It can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. The most common place mouth cancer spreads to is the lymph nodes in the neck. Mouth cancer might also be called oral cavity cancer.

Cells in the mouth sometimes change. These cells no longer grow or behave normally. These changes might lead to non-cancerous (benign) tumors such as warts and fibromas. Changes to cells of the mouth can also cause precancerous conditions. This means that the unusual cells are not yet cancerous. However, there is a chance that they may become cancer if they are not treated. The most common precancerous situations of the mouth are leukoplakia and erythroplakia.

However, in some cases, changes to the cells of the mouth can cause mouth cancer. The mouth is covered by a lining defined as the oral mucosa (mucous membrane). The oral mucosa is made up of squamous cells defined by the squamous epithelium. Most often, mouth cancer starts in these flat, thin squamous cells. This type of cancer is called squamous cell carcinoma of the oral.

Mouth cancer treatment is a complicated treatment procedure. It involves a combination of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Mouth cancer treatment in Turkey is gaining popularity worldwide. Healthy Türkiye makes it easy for you to get quality medical opinions and find the right healthcare providers globally for mouth cancer treatment at best prices.

Mouth Cancer Symptoms

Mouth cancer might not cause symptoms right away. In fact, many of the signs of mouth cancer can also be caused by other problems, such as infection, pain, bad breath, or oral and dental disease. It is significant to get controlled if you have any of the following problems. In many mouth cancer cases, the person who has these symptoms does not have cancer. However, you should talk to the doctor if you have any of them so the cause can be explored and treated. Some symptoms experienced mouth cancer involve:

Non-healing wounds and ulcers

Pain in your oral

Red or white patches in your oral or throat

Difficulty swallowing during meals

Speech issues

A lump in your neck or throat

Unexplained weight loss

Bad breath problems

Often mouth cancer does not cause symptoms until it has grown or spread. That is why it is best to regularly check for mouth cancer before ever having any symptoms. Mouth cancer that is found early through screening, before you have symptoms, might be easier to treat. Screening can even prevent some mouth cancers by finding and removing pre-cancerous growths called malignant tumors. Mouth cancer treatment can be performed very successfully in Turkey when it is in the early stages. Without wasting time, you should quickly schedule a consultation with Healthy Türkiye.

Mouth Cancer Causes

Many risk factors can cause oral cancer. Some of these reasons are things patients cannot do anything about, for example, age and genetics. However, you can change your lifestyle to lower your risk of mouth cancer. You are more at risk of mouth cancer if you have one or more of the following risk factors. This does not mean that you will definitely get mouth cancer. Equally, if you do not have any risk factors, it does not mean you cannot get mouth cancer.

Gender: Mouth cancer is twice as common in men as in women. This difference might be connected to the use of alcohol and tobacco, which is a major mouth cancer risk factor seen more commonly in men than in women.

Age: The average age at diagnosis for mouth cancer is 63, and more than two-thirds of individuals with this disease are over age 55. Although it may occur in younger people, as well.

Ultraviolet light: Cancers of the mouth are more common among people who work outdoors, visit tanning beds and are among those with prolonged exposure to sunlight.

Poor nutrition: Studies have found a link between diets low in fruits and vegetables and increased mouth cancer risk.

Genetic effects: Some inherited genetic mutations, which cause different syndromes in the body, carry a high risk of mouth cancer.

Tobacco: About 85 percent of patients with mouth cancers use tobacco in the form of cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or snuff. The risk of developing mouth cancer depends on the duration and frequency of tobacco use. Smoking may lead to cancer in the mouth or throat. Oral tobacco products are associated with cancer in the cheeks, gums, and inner surfaces of the lips.

Alcohol consumption: About 70 percent of people diagnosed with mouth cancer are heavy drinkers. This risk is higher for individuals who use both alcohol and tobacco. For people who smoke and drink heavily, the risk of mouth cancer may be 30 times higher than the risk for people who do not smoke or drink.

Betel quid: Many people in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world masticate betel quid, a leaf from the betel plant wrapped around areca nut and lime. These substances are associated with increased mouth cancer risk.

Healthy Türkiye’s expert oncologists can help you learn more about the different options for mouth cancer and provide you with detailed information that is specific to your precise diagnosis. To schedule an appointment for mouth cancer treatment contacts us.

Diagnosis for Mouth Cancer Treatment in Turkey

Before mouth cancer treatment in Turkey, the first step of mouth cancer diagnosis is a physical examination. This involves closely examining the roof and floor of your mouth, the back of your throat, tongue, and cheeks, and the lymph nodes in your neck. If the doctor cannot determine why you are having your symptoms, you might be referred to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.

If the doctor finds any tumors, growths, or suspicious lesions, they will perform a brush biopsy or a tissue biopsy. A brush biopsy is a painless test that gets cells from the tumor by brushing them onto a slide. A tissue biopsy contains removing a piece of the tissue so it can be examined under a microscope for cancerous cells. In addition, your doctor might perform one or more of the following tests:

Nasoendoscopy: Your doctor will use a skinny flexible tube with a tiny light and camera to look inside your nose and see your nasopharynx.

Biopsy: This contains taking a small piece (sample) from cancer. The sample is then analyzed under a microscope to check for cancer cells. A biopsy is often the only sure way to tell if you have cancer. Your doctor might recommend one of the three types of biopsies:

Excision biopsy: This is when the doctor removes cancer cells completely. This will usually be done for small tumors in the clinic or the operating room.

Incision biopsy: This is when the surgeon removes a small piece of tissue using a surgical knife. This type of biopsy can be done in the clinic using local or general anesthesia so that you do not feel any pain. Depending on the size and location of the biopsy, you might need stitches. If you take blood thinners, you might need to stop these for a few days before the biopsy.

Needle biopsy (Fine Needle Aspiration or FNA): This is preferred when there is a lump (enlarged lymph node) in the neck that could have cancer cells in it. During the procedure, the doctor will take some cells from the lump using a needle. Usually, this type of biopsy is done with guidance from ultrasound to make sure the needle is in the right spot.

CT (computed tomography) scan: This uses X-rays to take pictures of the inside of the mouth. If the person has cancer, a CT scan can help the doctor to see where it is, measure how big it is, and if it has expanded into nearby organs or other parts of the body.

Pet scan: This is a whole-body scan that uses a radioactive form of sugar, which can show if mouth cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or elsewhere in the body.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan: This type of scan uses magnetic fields to take pictures of the inside of the body. This helps the doctor see how far the cancer cells have spread into the tissue around them.

Dental X-Ray: This X-ray will help the dental team assess your mouth health.

Blood tests: Although there is no blood test specific to oral cancer, other blood tests are important to check your health and fitness for treatment.

If you have been diagnosed with mouth cancer, you might be facing a lot of difficult questions and feel overwhelmed. At Healthy Türkiye, we want to help you regain control of your life with compassionate, personalized cancer care from our team of experts. Your team will include doctors, nurses, and other experts whose only focus is mouth cancer treatment in Turkey.

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Types of Mouth Cancer Treatment in Turkey

Mouth cancer treatment is carried out in Turkey in the most appropriate way for the patient with different procedures. The healthcare experts looking after you meet regularly as a team defined as a multidisciplinary team (MDT). In this process, they will analyze your test results and your general health. Expert doctors discuss which treatments might be suitable for you. You will have an appointment with a member of the team to talk about the test results and the benefits or risks of the treatment options. You might be offered more than one of these mouth cancer treatments. You might have chemotherapy and radiotherapy together (chemoradiation) if there is a high risk of cancer coming again. There are also treatments for mouth cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

Making a decision about which mouth cancer treatment to have can be difficult. For mouth cancer treatment in Turkey, your healthcare team will support you and answer your questions. The best approach to treatment for mouth cancer depends on many factors such as the size and location of tumors, cancer stage, and whether the cancer is recurrent.

Surgical method: Surgery is the most common form of mouth cancer treatment. The extent of any surgery will be dependent on the stage of the mouth cancer, if cancer has spread, the surgery will be more extensive and may involve the removal of some lymph nodes in the neck.

Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy is used after mouth cancer surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells. It is also often used to treat mouth cancers that have not spread to other parts of the body.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy can be used in combination with radiotherapy to treat mouth cancers that have spread to other parts of the body, or to treat oral cancers that have reappeared after earlier treatment.

Monoclonal antibody therapy: Monoclonal antibody therapy is a ‘targeted’ therapy. It is usually used in conjunction with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. This method contains the use of monoclonal antibodies which are genetically engineered to target and attack cancer cells. The specific type of monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of mouth cancer is called cetuximab.

Immunotherapy: It is an immunotherapy drug used to treat mouth cancer that has expanded or cannot be removed by surgery. Immunotherapy provides the immune system to find and kill cancer cells. Checkpoint inhibitors help the immune system do this by blocking signals that stop white blood cells from attacking abnormal cancer cells

Photodynamic therapy (PDT): This is used to temporarily control cancer if there are mouth lesions that are close to developing into cancer, or if the cancer is at a very early stage and is only located on the surface of the mouth.

At Healthy Türkiye, we deal with cancer every day so we understand how valuable life is. Moreover, when patients entrust their lives to us, they have the right to demand the very best. We carry out mouth cancer treatment with our professional team in a qualified and successful way in Turkey in order for patients to be discharged as soon as possible.

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How Is Mouth Cancer Treatment Performed in Turkey?

When mouth cancer is detected early, it is treated with surgery or radiation therapy in Turkey. Mouth cancer that is further along when it is diagnosed may use a combination of treatments. For instance, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are often given simultaneously in mouth cancer treatment. Another treatment type is targeted therapy, which is a newer type of cancer treatment that uses drugs or other substances to precisely identify and attack cancer cells. The choice of treatment depends on your general health, where cancer began in your mouth or throat, the size, and type of the tumor, and whether cancer has spread.

Your doctor might refer you to a specialist. Specialists who treat mouth cancer include head and neck experts, dentists who specialize in surgery of the oral, face, and jaw (oral and maxillofacial surgeons), ear, nose, and throat specialists (otolaryngologists), and doctors who specifically treat mouth cancer (medical and radiation oncologists).

Other healthcare professionals who may be part of a treatment team contain dentists, plastic surgeons, reconstructive surgeons, speech pathologists, oncology nurses, registered dietitians, and mental health counselors.

Stages of Mouth Cancer

Once mouth cancer is diagnosed, your surgeon will stage the mouth cancer treatment process in Turkey. The stage is used to define the size, and extent of mouth cancer.

Stage 0: Also called carcinoma in situ, this stage is the beginning of mouth cancer. It finds unusual cells in the lining of the lips or in the mouth cavity that have the potential to become cancer.

Stage I: It is the earliest stage of mouth cancer. The tumor is no larger than 2 centimeters and the cancer has not reached the lymph nodes.

Stage II: Cancer cells have not reached the lymph nodes; the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but less than 4 centimeters.

Stage III: The tumor is larger than 4 centimeters and it has expanded to a lymph node in the neck. The recurrence rate of mouth cancer is high.

Stage IV: It is the most advanced stage where the tumor has no size and has expanded. The recurrence rate of mouth cancer is high.

Mouth cancer grading provides an understanding of how aggressive mouth cancer is and how quickly it will spread in the future. There are three grades of mouth cancer: low grade (slowest), moderate grade, and high grade (most aggressive). Staging is a measure of how far mouth cancer has spread. The TNM staging system is used to find the stage of oral cancer:

T: It is connected to the size of the tumor in the mouth; T1 is the smallest and T4 is the most diffuse.

N: It is preferred to determine whether there are secondary lymph nodes in the neck lymph nodes.

N0: Indicates that none were found on analysis and scans.

N1, N2, and N3: Indicate the grade of mouth secondaries.

M: Indicates whether it is secondary spreading to other body parts.

At Healthy Türkiye, doctors use staging as a general guideline to figure out how far along the mouth cancer is. It is significant for a doctor to know the stage of cancer because it helps determine the best cancer treatment plan for you. It is also the best way to estimate your long-term procedure. According to the guideline, stage 0, mouth cancer is the earliest stage, and stage 4 is the most advanced stage.

Prevention of Mouth Cancer

The most significant thing is to be aware of your risk factors. Men are twice more likely to get mouth cancer as they get older. If you smoke, drink excessive amounts of alcohol, or have a poor diet, changing these habits can decrease the chances of developing mouth cancer. Certain strains of HPV can also put you at risk of mouth cancer. Healthy Türkiye recommends that 11- to 12-year-old boys and girls get two doses of the HPV vaccine to prevent cervical and other less common genital cancers. It is possible that the HPV vaccine will also prevent mouth and neck cancers. If you have had mouth cancer before, you may be more likely to develop it again so keep up those regular controls.

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2024 Cost of Mouth Cancer Treatment in Turkey

All types of medical attention like mouth cancer treatment are very affordable in Turkey. Many factors are also included in determining the cost of mouth cancer treatment in Turkey. Your process with Healthy Türkiye will last from the time you decide to have a mouth cancer treatment in Turkey until the time you are fully recovered even if you are back home. The exact mouth cancer treatment procedure cost in Turkey depends on the type of operation involved.

The cost of mouth cancer treatment in Turkey does not demonstrate many variations in 2024. Compared to costs in developed countries like the United States or the UK, mouth cancer treatment costs in Turkey are relatively low. So, it’s no wonder patients from across the world visit Turkey for mouth cancer treatment procedures. However, the price is not the only factor affecting choices. We suggest looking for hospitals that are safe and have mouth cancer treatment reviews on Google. When people decide to seek medical help for mouth cancer treatment, they will not only have had low-cost procedures in Turkey, but also the safest and best treatment.

At clinics or hospitals contracted with Healthy Türkiye, patients will receive the best mouth cancer treatment from specialist doctors in Turkey at affordable rates. Healthy Türkiye teams provide medical attention mouth cancer treatment procedures and high-quality treatment to patients at a minimum cost. When you contact Healthy Türkiye assistants, you can get free information about the cost of mouth cancer treatment in Turkey and what this cost covers.

Price of Mouth Cancer Treatment in the UK

The cost of mouth cancer treatment in the UK is in the range of £80.000-£100.000.

Price of Mouth Cancer Treatment in the USA

The cost of mouth cancer treatment in the USA is in the range of $50.000-$100.000.

Price of Mouth Cancer Treatment in Turkey

The cost of mouth cancer treatment in Turkey is in the range of $20.000-$30.000.

The prices may vary based on specific procedure requirements. Contact us for exact price information.

Why Is Mouth Cancer Treatment Cheaper in Turkey?

One of the main considerations before traveling abroad for mouth cancer treatment is the cost-effectiveness of the whole process. Many patients think that when they add flight tickets and hotel expenses to their mouth cancer treatment costs, it will become very expensive to travel, which is not true. Contrary to popular belief, round-trip flight tickets to Turkey for mouth cancer treatment can be booked very affordably.

In this case, assuming you are staying in Turkey for your mouth cancer treatment, your total travel expense of flight tickets and accommodation will only cost less than any other developed country, which is nothing compared to the amount that you are saving. The question “why is mouth cancer treatment cheaper in Turkey?” is so common between patients or people simply curious about getting their medical treatment in Turkey. When it comes to xx prices in Turkey, there are 3 factors allowing cheaper prices:

The currency exchange is favorable for whoever looking for mouth cancer treatment has a euro, dollar, or pound;

The lower cost of living and cheaper overall medical expenses such as mouth cancer treatment;

For mouth cancer treatment, incentives are given by the Turkish Government to medical clinics working with international clients;

All these factors allow for cheaper mouth cancer treatment prices, but let’s be clear, these prices are cheaper for people with strong currencies (as we said, euro, dollar, Canadian dollar, pound, etc). Every year, thousands of patients from all over the world come to Turkey to get mouth cancer treatment. The success of the healthcare system has increased in recent years, especially for mouth cancer treatment. It’s easy to find well-educated and English-speaking medical professionals in Turkey for all kinds of medical treatment such as mouth cancer treatment.

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Why Choose Turkey for Mouth Cancer Treatment?

Turkey is a common choice among international patients seeking advanced mouth cancer treatment. Turkey’s health procedures are safe and effective operations with a high success rate like mouth cancer treatment. The increasing demand for high-quality mouth cancer treatment at affordable prices has made Turkey a popular medical travel destination. In Turkey, mouth cancer treatment is performed by highly experienced and trained doctors with the most advanced technology in the world. Mouth cancer treatment is done in Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, and other major cities. The reasons for choosing mouth cancer treatment in Turkey are as follows:

High-quality hospitals: Joint Commission International (JCI) accredited hospitals have dedicated mouth cancer treatment units that are specially designed for patients. International and national strict protocols provide effective and successful mouth cancer treatment for patients in Turkey.

Qualified experts: The expert teams include nurses and specialist doctors, together to carry out mouth cancer treatment according to the patient’s needs. All the included doctors are highly experienced in performing mouth cancer treatment.

Affordable price: The cost of mouth cancer treatment in Turkey is affordable compared to Europe, the USA, the UK, Singapore, Australia, etc.

The high success rate: Highly experienced specialists, the best available technology, and stringently followed safety guidelines for post-operative care of the patient, resulting in a high success rate for mouth cancer treatment in Turkey.

Is Mouth Cancer Treatment Safe in Turkey?

Did you know Turkey is one of the most visited destinations for mouth cancer treatment in the world? It is ranked one of the most visited tourist destinations for mouth cancer treatment. Over the years it has also come to be a very popular medical tourism destination too with many tourists coming in for mouth cancer treatment. There are so many reasons why Turkey stands out as a leading destination for mouth cancer treatment. Because Turkey is both safe and easy to travel to too with a regional airport hub and flight connections to pretty much everywhere, it is preferred for mouth cancer treatment.

The best hospitals in Turkey have experienced medical staff and specialists who have performed thousands of medical services such as mouth cancer treatment. All procedures and coordination related to mouth cancer treatment are controlled by the Ministry of Health in accordance with the law. Over many years, the greatest progress in medicine has been observed in the field of mouth cancer treatment. Turkey is known among foreign patients for its great opportunities in the area of mouth cancer treatment

To emphasize, besides the price itself, the key factor in selecting a destination for mouth cancer treatment is certainly the standard of medical services, the hospital staff’s high expertise, hospitality, and the safety of the country.

All-Inclusive Packages for Mouth Cancer Treatment in Turkey

Healthy Türkiye offers all-inclusive packages for mouth cancer treatment in Turkey at much lower prices. Extremely professional and experienced doctors and technicians carry out high-quality mouth cancer treatment. The cost of mouth cancer treatment in European countries can be quite expensive, especially in the UK. Healthy Türkiye provides cheap all-inclusive packages for a long and short stay of mouth cancer treatment in Turkey. Because of many factors, we can provide you with many opportunities for your mouth cancer treatment in Turkey.

The price of mouth cancer treatment differs from other countries due to medical fees, staff labor prices, exchange rates, and market competition. You can save much more in mouth cancer treatment compared to other countries in Turkey. When you purchase mouth cancer treatment all-inclusive packages with Healthy Türkiye our healthcare team will present hotels for you to choose from. In mouth cancer treatment travel, you will have the price of your stay included in the all-inclusive package cost.

In Turkey, when you purchase mouth cancer treatment all-inclusive packages through Healthy Türkiye, you will always receive VIP transfers. These are provided by Healthy Türkiye, which is contracted with highly qualified hospitals for mouth cancer treatment in Turkey. Healthy Türkiye teams will organize everything about mouth cancer treatment for you and have you picked up from the airport and safely brought to your accommodation. Once settled in the hotel, you will be transferred to and from the clinic or hospital for mouth cancer treatment. After your mouth cancer treatment has been successfully completed, the transfer team will return you to the airport in time for your flight home. In Turkey, all packages of mouth cancer treatment can be arranged upon request, which relaxes the minds of our patients. You can reach out Healthy Türkiye for everything you need to know about mouth cancer treatment in Turkey.

The Best Hospitals in Turkey for Mouth Cancer Treatment

The best hospitals in Turkey for mouth cancer treatment are Memorial Hospital, Acıbadem International Hospital, and Medicalpark Hospital. These hospitals attract patients from all over the world seeking mouth cancer treatment due to their affordable prices and high success rates.

Best Doctors and Surgeons in Turkey for Mouth Cancer Treatment

The best doctors and surgeons in Turkey for mouth cancer treatment are highly skilled professionals who offer specialized care and advanced procedures. With their expertise and state-of-the-art techniques, these specialists ensure that patients receive high-quality mouth cancer treatment and achieve optimal health results.

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Frequently Asked Questions

This cancer spreads very quickly, especially for people who use tobacco alcohol and are over 50 years old. It takes approximately five years for mouth cancer to develop from stage one to four. Therefore, it is significant to identify it early when there is a greater chance of cure.

Mouth cancer is a serious illness that if caught early on can be treated successfully. That is why it is significant you try to see your dentist twice a year and make time to do a monthly self-examination. There are ways to prevent mouth cancer, and one of the most important is to avoid using tobacco products.

If the cancer has not spread beyond the mouth or the part of your throat at the back of your mouth (oropharynx) a complete cure might be possible using surgery alone in Turkey. If the cancer is large or has spread to your neck, a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy might be needed.

Surgery is the main treatment for most people with mouth cancer in Turkey. Usually these tumors can be removed through the opening of the mouth cavity, but some may require a more extensive approach. Which surgery is right for you depends on such factors as the size, stage, and location of the tumor.

In the early process, mouth cancer rarely causes any pain. Abnormal cell growth generally appears as flat patches.

People with cancer of the oral cavity or oropharynx are at risk of the cancer coming back. They are at risk for developing new cancers in the head and neck area, so they must be watched closely after treatment.